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- $Unique_ID{BRK03852}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Hypoparathyroidism}
- $Subject{Hypoparathyroidism Tetany Parathyroid Hypocalcemia DiGeorge Syndrome
- Osteomalicia Pseudohypoparathyroidism }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 703:
- Hypoparathyroidism
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Hypoparathyroidism) is
- not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the
- alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Tetany
- Parathyroid
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Hypocalcemia
- DiGeorge Syndrome
- Osteomalicia
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Hypoparathyroidism is a disorder that causes lower than normal levels of
- calcium in the blood due to insufficient levels of parathyroid hormones.
- This condition can be inherited, associated with other disorders, or it may
- result from neck surgery.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Hypoparathyroidism is characterized by weakness, muscle cramps, abnormal
- sensations such as tingling, burning, and numbness (paresthesia) of the
- hands, excessive nervousness, loss of memory, headaches, and uncontrollable
- cramping muscle movements of the wrists and feet. Other symptoms may be
- spasms of the facial muscles (Chvostek sign), the contraction of muscles
- produced by mild compression of nerves (Trousseaus sign), malformations of
- the teeth including enamel and roots of the teeth, and malformed fingernails.
- In some hypoparathyroid conditions, there may also be pernicious anemia, dry
- and coarse skin, patchy hair loss (alopecia), thin scant eyebrows, patches of
- skin that have lost the pigment (vitiligo), and mental depression.
-
- Causes
-
- The exact cause of Hypoparathyroidism is unknown. It can occur as a separate
- disorder, in association with other endocrine gland disorders that affect the
- thyroid, ovaries or adrenal glands, or it may be due to the removal of or
- damage to the parathyroid gland. It may also be inherited and transmitted
- through autosomal recessive genes.
-
- Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of
- the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the
- mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a
- person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent.
- If a person receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person
- will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The
- risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom
- are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent
- of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-
- five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each
- parent, and will be genetically normal.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Hypoparathyroidism affects males and females in equal numbers. It is seen
- more often in children under 16 and in adults over 40.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of
- Hypoparathyroidism. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis.
-
- DiGeorge Syndrome is a complex group of congenital malformations among
- which is a susceptibility to recurrent infections due to a decreased immune
- system and the occurrence of seizures during infancy due to low levels of
- calcium in the blood. The disorder results from faulty development of two of
- the pharyngeal pouches during early development of the fetus. The
- parathyroid gland which regulates the concentration of calcium in the blood,
- and the thymus gland which transforms certain lymphocytes into T-cells,
- (responsible for cellular and long-term immune reactions), are absent or
- abnormal in DiGeorge Syndrome. (For more information on this disorder,
- choose "DiGeorge" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Hypocalcemia is characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium and
- high levels of phosphorus in the blood. It is characterized by spasms of the
- facial muscles, abdominal and muscle cramps, spasms of the foot and wrist
- (carpopedal), and strange sensations such as tingling and burning or numbness
- (paresthesias) of the lips, tongue, fingers and feet. In some severe cases,
- there may be spasms of the larynx and generalized convulsions.
-
- Osteomalicia is a disease that causes softening of the bones due to
- insufficient levels of calcium. This results in the bones becoming brittle,
- and easily broken. It is characterized by pains in the limbs, spine and
- pelvis, and general weakness. It is seen mostly in adult women.
-
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism is a hereditary disorder characterized by an
- inadequate response to the parathyroid hormone, although this hormone is
- present in normal amounts. This inadequate response affects bone growth in
- patients with this disorder. Headaches, weakness, easy fatigue, lack of
- energy, and blurred vision light may also occur. (For more information on
- this disorder choose, "Pseudohypoparathyroidism" as your search term in the
- Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Hypoparathyroidism is treated with calcium, ergocalciferol and
- dihydrotachysterol (forms of Vitamin D). Genetic counseling may be of
- benefit for patients and their families if they have the inherited form of
- this disorder. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- At the present time, studies are being conducted on the effectiveness of
- Vitamin D3 as a treatment for Hypoparathyroidism. More research must be
- conducted to determine long-term safety and effectiveness of this treatment.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- December 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to
- keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and
- accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for
- the most current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Hypoparathyroidism, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- The Thyroid Foundation of America, Inc.
- c/o Dr. Morris Wood
- Massachusetts General Hospital, ACC 630
- Boston, MA 02114
-
- The Paget's Disease Foundation is providing information and a booklet on
- Hyperparathyroidism.
-
- The Paget's Disease Foundation
- 200 Varick St., Suite 1004
- New York, NY 10014-4810
- (800) 23-PAGET
-
- American Thyroid Association of America
- Endocrine/Metabolic Service 7D
- Walter Reed Army Medical Center
- Washington, DC 20307
- 800-542-6687
-
- The Thyroid Foundation of Canada
- CD/Box 1597
- Kingston, Ontario
- Canada K71 5C8
-
- National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
- Box NDDIC
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 468-6344
-
- For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins
- University Press, 1986. Pp. 1009.
-
- THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th Ed.: John B. Stanbury, et
- al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 1515.
-
- INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown
- and Co., 1987. Pp. 2089.
-
- DRUG EVALUATIONS, 6th Ed.: American Medical Association, 1986. Pp. 898.
-
- EFFECTS OF ACTIVE VITAMIN D3 AND PARATHYROID HORMONE ON THE SERUM
- OSTEOCALCIN IN IDIOPATHIC HYPOPARATHYROIDISM AND PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM.
- J. CLIN INVEST (September 1988, issue 82 (3)). Pp. 861-865.
-
-